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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 39: Seibu Railway (Japan, 2004)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 232 Case 39: Seibu Railway (Japan, 2004) Yoshiaki Tsutsumi, the former chairman of Seibu Railway, was… …president Terumasa Koyanagi to under-report the size of stakes held in Seibu Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 233 Railway by its largest… …. According to sources close to the company, Koya- nagi had been questioned by prosecutors almost every day since Seibu had made the fraud public. The… …affairs department in charge of stocks was found dead on a beach Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 234 in Yamagata Prefecture, after financial… …, several other high-profile scandals rocked the nation. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 235 References: Japanese tycoon resigns in… …Koyanagi found hanged, www.japanaddicted.com, February 20, 2005 Japanese mogul arrested for fraud, www.news.bbc.co.uk, March 3, 2005 Japan arrests former… …world’s richest person over fraud, People’s Daily Online, March 3, 2005 Japan Arrests Rail Tycoon in Insider Trading Case, The New York Times, March 4… …, 2005 Koizumi supporter arrested on fraud charges, Times Online, March 4, 2005 Tsutsumi held over Seibu share scam, insider trade, The Japan Times…

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  Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 236 Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005) By the late 1990s, Kanebo Ltd. ranked among Japan’s largest public… …crisis” in the United States. Japan’s business press quickly referred to the Kanebo fraud as “Japan’s Enron”. In March 2006, Takashi Hoashi pleaded… …learned of this scheme from reading the published reports of the Enron fraud.) When the executives were no longer able to sustain the scam in 2005, they… …announced that an internal inquiry had found “instances of accounting fraud” in the past. Finally, they admitted overstating oper- ating results by… …charged in connection with the Kanebo fraud admitted helping the company to hide losses. They had pointed out irregularities, but no Accounting… …Fraud in Asian Companies 237 demand had been made to have Kanebo’s statements corrected, resulting in an audit approval. According to the… …company’s poor financial health (the three defendants never admitted as much, though). During trial, the auditors testified that shortly before the fraud… …prevent the fraud was a consequence of “serious deficiencies” in its internal controls. As a result of inspect- ing Chuo Aoyama, the firm-wide management… …. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 238 As well as causing an exodus of audit clients, the punishment of Chuo Aoyama also helped to fuel extreme… …that it was also Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 239 “unprecedentedly cleverly devised”. Despite these remarks, he handed suspended…

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  Case 41: Livedoor (Japan, 2006)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 240 Case 41: Livedoor (Japan, 2006) The Livedoor saga is probably one of the most eye-catching episodes… …accounting fraud; prosecutors depicted him as a greedy and lawless figure who had manipulated the books to inflate his company’s stock price. The trial was… …, who had used Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 241 “smoke and mirrors” to create riches that honest and hard-working businessmen could… …, Horie was accused of falsifying the company’s accounts. The alleged fraud centred on Livedoor’s group financial statements for the business year ending… …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 242 hours for three months because of capacity problems. The TSE announced to put Livedoor on monitoring status, and… …. In March 2007, following a six-month trial which gripped Corporate Japan, Horie was found guilty of fraud and sentenced to two years and six months in… …statements, the Livedoor affair is “pretty small beer”, said another observer. The trial was political retaliation for Horie’s challeng- Accounting Fraud… …College Dropout Turned Internet Tycoon, The New York Times, January 18, 2006 Livedoor founder arrested for fraud as delisting beckons, The Independent… …, January 24, 2006 Livedoor fraud made 6 billion yen: sources, The Japan Times, February 24, 2006 A fall from grace, www.accaglobal.com/publications, June 1… …, 2006 An accountability gap is holding back Japan’s economy, Financial Times, March 14, 2007 Japan’s Horie faces verdict in Livedoor fraud case…

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  Case 42: Nikko Cordial (Japan, 2007)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 244 Case 42: Nikko Cordial (Japan, 2007) In late 2006, the Nikko Cordial Corporation was Japan’s… …panel looking into the fraud later found out that Nikko Cordial principal president Hirofumi Hirano was the key figure in the scam, and that he also… …. I would like to offer my heartfelt apologies,” said president Junichi Ari- Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 245 mura, knowing that a show… …of just USD 4.2 million – a pittance by U.S. standards. And, although in monetary terms, the fraud was some eight times greater than, for… …example, the Livedoor fraud, no one at Nikko faced jail time. The coincidental timing of these two frauds led many observers to contrast the harsh… …Nikko in Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 246 April 2007. Critics believed that Citigroup, which had been keen to break into the Japanese… …New York Times, December 26, 2006 Panel: Nikko Cordial execs aided fraud, The Japan Times, January 31, 2007 Nikko Cordial revises… …over accounting fraud, The Japan Times, February 28, 2007 Nikko Cordial escapes delisting over scandal, Times Online, March 13, 2007 After Horie’s fall…

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  Case 43: Sanyo Electric (Japan, 2007)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 247 Case 43: Sanyo Electric (Japan, 2007) Like other Japanese electronics makers, Osaka-based Sanyo… …temporarily after being implicated in financial statement fraud at Kanebo, the cosmetics firm. It had also been the auditor for Nikko Cordial, which had to… …restate past results to correct accounting irregularities as well. And now, Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 248 Sanyo was believed not to have… …manufacturing company like Sanyo, which had started by making bicycle lamps in 1947. “Think Gaia was a good strategy,” said a financial Accounting Fraud in… …going green will get them out of the red.” References: Sanyo’s Accounting Fraud, www.home.comcast.net, February 23, 2007 Sanyo Earnings Probe… …Sends Shares South, E-Commerce Times, February 23, 2007 Sanyo probed for securities fraud, www.news.webindia123.com, February 23, 2007 Sanyo Probed over…

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  Case 44: Satyam Computer Services (India, 2009)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 250 Case 44: Satyam Computer Services (India, 2009) Before he fell from grace, Ramalinga Raju was hailed… …based). But in January 2009, Raju had to ad- mit to the largest corporate fraud in Indian history. In a letter to Satyam’s board of directors, he… …scan- dal was quickly labelled as “India’s Enron”. “This is the saddest say for investors,” said one market analyst. “The fraud has badly shaken their… …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 251 stand by the company in the hour of crisis. “I am now prepared to subject myself to the laws of the land and… …face consequences thereof.” News of the fraud sent jitters through the Indian stock market. Shares in Satyam fell more than 70%, and the “Sensex”… …capital of Bombay expressed bafflement at how the fraud was not exposed earlier. Whereas Enron and other accounting frauds relied on dizzying arrays of… …off-balance-sheet partnerships and complicated circular trades with willing outside institutions to deceive investors, the Satyam fraud seemed to be absurdly simple… …earnings. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 252 However, there is usually little documentation associated with the number, so it is easy to… …letter to say that Sat- yam’s directors and senior executives had no knowledge of the fraud. But if there is a final lesson to be learned of accounting… …. In April 2009, a 77-page report filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (India’s top investigation agency) detailed the scope of the Satyam fraud…

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  Fraud Theories

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 276 3.3 Fraud Theories 3.3.1 The Fraud Triangle Although it is common knowledge today that people… …may commit fraud, it is often not understood why they do it. Donald R. Cressey, one of the pioneers in fraud re- search, came to the conclusion that… …fraud is most likely to occur when three critical elements come together: incentive/pressure, opportunity, and attitude/rationaliz- ation. In the case of… …accounting fraud, for example, the incentive/pressure might be the need to make earnings look better in order to meet debt covenants. The oppor- tunity might… …financial hump”. Cressey developed a three-pronged framework, commonly known as the fraud triangle, which is a very useful tool for fraud-fighters seeking to… …under- stand and manage fraud risks. The fraud triangle is shown in Exhibit 6 (see, e.g., Montgomery/Beasley/Menelaides/Palmrose 2002, p. 63; Wells 2007… …, p. 7). Fraud Opportunity Attitude/Rationalization � Financial stability or profitability threatened by economic, industry or entity operating… …Exhibit 6: The Fraud Triangle Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 277 According to Cressey, each of these three elements is necessary in order… …for a person to actually commit a fraud. The absence of any one of them would not allow a person to perpetrate a fraud. However, the three… …elements in the fraud triangle are also interrelated. The greater the perceived opportunity or the more intense the perceived incentive/pressure, the…

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  Chapter 4: Conclusion and Outlook

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …to frequent events, and that there is no scandal arising from infrequent but morally acceptable events. The cases of accounting fraud described in… …led away in handcuffs under indictment for fraud was shocking indeed, and society was outraged at the criminal acts. Most of the scandals occurred… …characterized the scenario in Europe and in Asia, showing that probably no corporate governance system in the world is able to prevent accounting fraud… …. Unfortunately, fraud will continue to hit the headlines of newspapers as well as the bottom lines of companies. Despite the best efforts of those who are respon-… …sible for fighting fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens”. It is a given that economic crime will always be with us. Eliminating fraud is… …probability, the malfeasance is detected. Other factors contributing to accounting fraud may include unrealistic performance standards that fail to take into… …course, unethical individuals. According to Michael R. Young, a well-known American fraud and litigation ex- pert, the principal characteristics of… …accounting fraud can be summarized as follows (see Young 2004, pp. 11–13): 1. It generally doesn’t origin from conscious dishonesty. It doesn’t start… …fraud starts with little alterations of results (typically in the form of borrowing from future quarters). It doesn’t start with a grand plan or… …. 5. The fraud grows over time. As the fraud grows deeper, the perpetrators end up taking positions that are truly indefensible and clearly violate…

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  A Practice Aid for Company Executives: The Ethics Barometer

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …organizations etc.). C.16 All employees have attended fraud awareness trainings. Appendix: Practice Aids 294 C.17 The average duration of those… …fraud awareness sessions is adequate. C.18 The company has established its compliance policy by means of a long- term integrated plan. It regularly…
• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  A Practice Aid for Auditors: Fraud Interviews – An Inquiry Guide

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Appendix: Practice Aids 297 Appendix II A Practice Aid for Auditors: Fraud Interviews – An Inquiry Guide Of… …course, some cases of accounting fraud described in this book were so complex and well-concealed that no auditor would have been able to uncover them… …. These cases were well beyond the scope of a traditional audit. Nevertheless, auditors have to be more aggressive in order to detect fraud. They have to… …team have to be motivated to think about how and where fraud might occur. They have to conduct the audit with a mindset that recognizes the possibility… …that fraud could be present, regardless of any past experience with the audit client and regardless of the belief about manage- ment’s honesty and… …integrity. Eventually, they must not be reluctant to conduct so-called fraud interviews and ask sensitive questions. This inquiry guide is a… …practice aid designed to help the audit team to plan and tailor these fraud interviews as required by the international auditing standards. It in- cludes… …– As you are probably aware, CPAs today are required to assess the risk of fraud in the audit of every company, not just yours. Therefore, we need to… …begin. – When we talk about fraud in business, we are talking about a whole range of fraudulent activities. However, we are not talking about taking a… …pen or making a few photocopies for private use. Do you believe fraud is a problem for business and society in general? – We know that fraud…

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