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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud aufdecken und vorbeugen

  Fazit und Ergebniszusammenfassung

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …. Accounting Fraud ist eine Unterkategorie davon, die in der jüngeren Vergangenheit – nicht zuletzt ob bekannt gewordener Bilanzskandale in den USA und in… …Forschungsleistung. Als Accounting Fraud werden in dieser Arbeit Ver- stöße i.S.d. IDW PS 210 bezeichnet, also beabsichtigte falsche Angaben in der Rechnungslegung… …. 2. Das Auftreten von Accounting Fraud ist regelmäßig an das Vorliegen von drei Voraussetzungen gebunden, die im Schrifttum als Fraud Triangle be-… …ermöglicht, ihre Tat zu begehen. Erlaubt die persönliche Einstel- lung eines Täters ihm, den Accounting Fraud tatsächlich zu begehen, ist das Kriterium der… …Gesellschaft bzw. des Konzerns, wie die in der Arbeit angeführten Beispiele zeigen. Sind börsennotierte Unter- nehmen von Accounting Fraud betroffen… …Schadens durch Accounting Fraud für Unternehmen und Wirtschaft – auch wegen des verloren gegan- genen Vertrauens in die Kapitalmärkte – sah sich der… …. 5. Zur Bestimmung von Accounting Fraud ist die Frage zu klären, inwieweit von einer den Rechnungslegungsnormen genügenden und damit zulässigen… …Verhältnisses von Bilanzpolitik und Accounting Fraud hat ge- zeigt, dass zwischen beiden Bereichen nicht immer eine eindeutige Trenn- linie gezogen werden kann… …im Einzelfall fließend sein kann. In dieser Grauzone zwischen legaler Bilanzpolitik und illegalem Ac- counting Fraud ist es u.U. schwierig… …, Sachverhalte als eindeutig zu der ein oder anderen Seite zugehörig zu klassifizieren. 6. Accounting Fraud ist stets in mehrfacher Hinsicht mit negativen…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 12: Enron (2001)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 80 Case 12: Enron (2001) Perhaps more than any other company facing scandal in recent years, Enron stands… …out as the poster child for corporate fraud. The crimes of Enron’s top executives resonated the most in the public mind, and the company’s name has… …become synonymous with corporate malfeasance. However, compared to other accounting frauds, the Enron fraud was very complicated; it involved many… …reports. They didn’t have to lie. All they had to do was to obfuscate it with sheer complexity – although they lied, too.” The impact of the fraud was… …since October 1929”. Besides, the fraud ushered in a wave of prosecutions against white-collar crime at the highest levels of American business, and it… …U.S. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 81 borders; “Enron International”, a wholly owned subsidiary, was created to manage energy assets… …resigned, citing “personal reasons” (August 14); he was replaced once again by Kenneth Lay. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 82 - Sherron Watkins… …transactions that involved setting up complex special purpose entities. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 83 Enron’s financial reporting (I)… …Fraud in U.S. Companies 84 forward markets in the services Enron promised to provide; extremely optimistic numbers were simply conjured up out of… …structure in order to create false profits, to hide losses and to understate liabilities. It may be helpful Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 85…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 11: American Tissue (2001)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 75 Case 11: American Tissue (2001) Mehdi Gabayzadeh may not be as familiar a name as Adelphia founder… …. district attorney said, noting that the fraud cost lenders and bondholders about USD 300 million, and ultimately cost 2,700 employees their jobs. In… …ran into all sorts of obstacles) commented: “The more we investigated, the more fraud we uncovered.” American Tissue was founded in 1981 by two… …the books – in what the indictment later said was a futile effort to gain new Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 76 financing, even as it was… …, the affiliated companies, together with Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 77 the Gabayzadeh and Elghanayan families, owed American Tissue… …. In July 2001, the fraud was uncovered when it was figured out that the numbers at American Tissue didn’t add up. Two months later, the company… …and otherwise helped American Tissue destroy records that might have supported accusations of accounting fraud. “The paper trail of phony sales… …transactions, bogus supporting Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 78 documentation, and numerous accounting irregularities ended quite literally with… …defunct, gained notoriety for helping Enron cover up fraud. Gabayzadeh was accused of stealing nearly USD 300 million from banks, financial… …in the indictments, Gabayzadeh was convicted of spearheading a USD 300 million fraud. His sentencing was delayed several times because his attorneys…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 199 Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003) By the late 1990s, Royal Ahold N.V. ranked among… …have operated continuously (and honourably) for 100 years. However, shortly after the turn of the century, a case of Enron-style accounting fraud… …Amsterdam. “So many things have happened in the United States, but this is the first really large-scale fraud case we’ve seen on this side of the ocean.”… …goals ultimately became unreachable. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 200 In 2002, Ahold faced trouble in Latin America: operating… …Michiel Meurs, each of whom had been implicated in the accounting fraud. Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s slashed Ahold’s credit rating, and the… …retailer announced that the fraud was much more extensive than previously thought. Ahold said that the American subsidiary’s earnings had been overstated… …certain foreign joint ventures through fraudulent side letters. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 201 The earnings fraud at U.S… …confirmation letters were often inflated by millions of dollars and by more than Accounting Fraud in European Companies 202 100%. In most of the cases… …confirmation process at USF was systematically corrupted in order to help keep the fraud from being discovered. The SEC complaint alleged that USF… …by the SEC with aiding and abetting the fraud. Scott Friestad, associate director of the Commission’s division of enforcement, commented: “These…

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  Case 25: Bernard Madoff (2008)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 159 Case 25: Bernard Madoff (2008) In December 2008, as the global financial crisis continued on its… …stunning fraud that appears to be of epic proportions”, and the Economist called it “the con of the century”. Needless to say, the unprecedented scope of… …the fraud was far beyond the reach of all of the other recent scandals of the financial system. Bernard Madoff started his financial career at… …appeared to believe in loyalty and Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 160 honesty,” said one former Madoff employee in retrospect. “Never in your… …profits generated by share trading. Eventually, Madoff admitted in this conversation that he estimated the losses from the fraud were at least USD 50… …, and charged with securities fraud. When federal agents arrived at Madoffs’ apartment, he told them: “There is no innocent explanation. I have paid… …simplicity, one of the most puzzling issues of the Madoff fraud was that the majority of the victims had an expert knowledge of financial investment: they… …Wall Street, there had been scepticism for years over how Madoff managed to pay such consistently high Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 161… …returns. The SEC admitted that it had missed “repeated opportunities” to discover the fraud. It had received “credible and specific allegations regarding… …than each final investor. Thus, he was able to avoid the SEC disclosure rules. But when the SEC changed regula- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies…

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  Case 26: Juergen Schneider (Germany, 1994)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …165 2.2 Accounting Fraud in European Companies Case 26: Juergen Schneider (Germany, 1994) Up to the year 1994, a number of scandals… …over mismanagement and fraud emerged in Germany, but the “Schneider case” was by far the biggest. The case is linked to an exceptional bank scandal. In… …for several years before collapsing and casting Schneider under the suspicion of credit fraud, fraudulent invocation of bankruptcy and tax evasion. He… …verified something as basic as the size of the property it was lending on. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 166 Schneider also appeared… …explic- itly whether there were any supplementary contracts. Deutsche Bank claimed that it was the victim of systematic fraud. Hilmar Kopper, at the… …contractors and craftsmen, causing repeated embarrassment. Bank credi- Accounting Fraud in European Companies 167 tors demanded detailed information… …properties and paying off contractors. Instead he chose to run away. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 168 The reason for all the public… ….: Great Financial Disasters of our Time, 2nd edition, Berlin 2006, p. 27 Schneider fraud inquiry launched, The Independent, April 15, 1994 Kohl Assails… …Banks in Schneider Fiasco, International Herald Tribune, April 21, 1994 Deutsche Bank “victim of fraud”, The Independent, April 26, 1994 When the Music… …Independent, July 6, 1994 German Fraud Case May Raise Conflict, The New York Times, May 25, 1995 International Business: Germans Are Gripped by the Return of…

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  Case 14: Dynegy (2002)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 102 Case 14: Dynegy (2002) At the beginning of the new millennium, Houston-based Dynegy Inc. was a high-… …flying business rival of the Enron Corporation. Of course, the accounting fraud at Dynegy never reached the scale of notoriety of that at neighbouring… …positions generate no current cash flow (this treatment was required under US-GAAP). Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 103 In order to… …of the fraud caused Dynegy’s stock to plunge. Alpha’s impact on Dynegy’s financial statements was especially significant, because the statement of… …Dynegy’s lack of cooperation in the early stages of the investigation. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 104 In August 2003, two of the three tax… …the most severe sentences for accounting fraud in recent memory. “I take no pleasure in sentencing you to 292 months, but my job is to follow the… …Alpha alone. Olis argued he didn’t personally benefit from the fraud scheme and had acted with the knowledge and approval of Dynegy’s financial… …case. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 105 References: Securities and Exchange Commission: SEC v. Dynegy Inc., Litigation… …Dynegy Face Charges of Fraud, The New York Times, June 13, 2003 Jury convicts former Dynegy exec of fraud, The Houston Business Journal, November 14, 2003… …Dynegy executive jailed for 24 years after $300m fraud, The Guardian, March 26, 2004 Dynegy Agrees to Settlement of Suit by its Shareholders, The New York…

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  Case 8: Sunbeam (1998)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 61 Case 8: Sunbeam (1998) Sunbeam Corp., the Boca Raton, Florida-based maker of such well-known brands… …relied on question- able accounting gimmicks and outright fraud to enhance earnings. It happened under the direction of now disgraced CEO Albert J… …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 62 million. “We are winning in every aspect of our business,” Dunlap told analysts in the conference call announcing… …the suppliers had no room for them; they would not be delivered and paid for Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 63 until spring. A similar… …be). SEC enforcement officer Thomas C. Newkirk noted that the fraud was engineered to dress up Sunbeam, in order to make the company look much more… …attractive than it actually was to potential buyers: “This Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 64 was a primer in the techniques of financial fraud, in… …from accounting fraud. Dunlap was ordered to pay a USD 500,000 fine and had to accept a lifetime ban from ever serving again as an officer or… …bestseller. Unknown to Sunbeam investors and to the Sunbeam board was that Dunlap had faced similar allegations of accounting fraud at a much smaller… …thereby concealed, when results improved later. Edwards also claimed that the accounting fraud had masked serious operating problems at Nitec. In 1982… …, Nitec filed for bankruptcy. The fraud accusations (which Dunlap denied) were never proved, as all his orders to alter the books had been oral. Dunlap…

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  Annäherung an das Thema und Forschungsgegenstand

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …1 1 Annäherung an das Thema und Forschungs- gegenstand 1.1 Relevanz von Accounting Fraud Accounting Fraud – i.S.e. Verstoßes gegen… …ein mahnendes Beispiel für die Auswirkungen fehlerhafter Prüfung bleiben. Die Gefahr von Accoun- ting Fraud ist jedoch nicht nur bei großen Konzernen… …A./Klinger, Oskar (Internes Kontrollsystem 2000), S. 1; Albrecht, W. Steve/Searcy, David I. (Increasing Fraud 2001), S. 58 ff. 5 Vgl. Klinger, Michael… …, Zabihollah (Financial Statement Fraud 2002), S. 69; Welp, Cornelius/Leendertse, Julia (Konflikt 2007), S. 112 ff.; Nölting, Andreas/Wilhelm, Winfried… …(Fehlleistungen 1994), S. 34 ff.; Gross, Gerhard (Regelungen 2005), S. 90 ff.; zu den bedeutenden Auswirkungen von Top- Management Fraud siehe auch Zahra, Shaker… …A./Priem, Richard L./Rasheed, Abdul A. (Top-Management Fraud 2005), S. 818. 8 Vgl. Ernst & Young (Wirtschaftskriminalität 2003), S. 4 und S. 13. 9 Vgl… …offensichtlich an- ders dar15. Das Themengebiet Accounting Fraud kann von zwei Seiten betrachtet wer- den. Während sich einerseits die Unternehmen zwar der… …Bedeutung des Zufalls auch Wehling, Jörg/Weiß, Christian (Abwehr 2005), S. 104. 14 Vgl. ähnlich auch Comer, Michael J. (Corporate Fraud 1998), S. 5 ff… …Verschär- fung der Vorschriften für kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen, um damit Ac- counting Fraud möglichst zu verhindern, zumindest jedoch die Quote… …seiner Verant- ___________________ 16 Während die Aufdeckung als der schwierigere Teil im Rahmen der Bewältigung von Accounting Fraud gilt, nimmt die…

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  Case 4: MiniScribe (1989)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 42 Case 4: MiniScribe (1989) The downfall of MiniScribe Corp., resulting from a major accounting fraud… …inventory and sales figures (see WSJ September 11, 1989): Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 43 – Although many companies accelerate shipments… …auditors had test-counted. Thus, they were able to inflate the number of items that the auditors had not sampled. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies… …. MiniScribe’s auditor, Coopers & Lybrand (now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers), was also sued by investors for its part in the fraud. The suits charged that the… …1992 settlement, it agreed to pay a total of USD 140 million for failing to detect the accounting fraud committed by MiniScribe. In July 1994, the… …amazing to see how close they could get to the num- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 45 ber they wanted to hit.” A former MiniScribe manager… …the late 1980s. References: Albrecht, W. Steve / Albrecht, Chad: Fraud Examination & Prevention… …, pp. 5, 239, 246, 260 Schilit, Howard: Financial Shenanigans – How to detect accounting gimmicks and fraud in financial reports, 2nd… …, The Wall Street Journal, September 11, 1989 Fraud is Cited at MiniScribe, The New York Times, September 13, 1989 Large Award in MiniScribe Fraud Suit… …Trial for Fraud, Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1994 Wiles Convicted of Fraud in MiniScribe Case, Los Angeles Times, August 9, 1994…

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