Suchergebnisse

• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Fraud Theories

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 276 3.3 Fraud Theories 3.3.1 The Fraud Triangle Although it is common knowledge today that people… …may commit fraud, it is often not understood why they do it. Donald R. Cressey, one of the pioneers in fraud re- search, came to the conclusion that… …fraud is most likely to occur when three critical elements come together: incentive/pressure, opportunity, and attitude/rationaliz- ation. In the case of… …accounting fraud, for example, the incentive/pressure might be the need to make earnings look better in order to meet debt covenants. The oppor- tunity might… …financial hump”. Cressey developed a three-pronged framework, commonly known as the fraud triangle, which is a very useful tool for fraud-fighters seeking to… …under- stand and manage fraud risks. The fraud triangle is shown in Exhibit 6 (see, e.g., Montgomery/Beasley/Menelaides/Palmrose 2002, p. 63; Wells 2007… …, p. 7). Fraud Opportunity Attitude/Rationalization � Financial stability or profitability threatened by economic, industry or entity operating… …Exhibit 6: The Fraud Triangle Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 277 According to Cressey, each of these three elements is necessary in order… …for a person to actually commit a fraud. The absence of any one of them would not allow a person to perpetrate a fraud. However, the three… …elements in the fraud triangle are also interrelated. The greater the perceived opportunity or the more intense the perceived incentive/pressure, the…

  Alle Treffer im Inhalt anzeigen
• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  The Warning Signs of Fraud

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 268 3.2 The Warning Signs of Fraud 3.2.1 A Schedule of Fraud Red Flags In almost all of the cases… …described in this book the signs of impending doom have been apparent for some time – for those who wished to see them. According to numerous fraud… …detected more quickly had the warning signs not been ignored. These warning signs are often being referred to as fraud risk factors, fraud risk indicators… …not necessarily indi- cate that fraud is occurring within the organization. Their presence, however, either individually or in combination, could… …indicate the occurrence of fraud or an in- creased likelihood thereof. Red flags should therefore, when encountered, trigger a higher level of… …professional scepticism. The aim of this schedule is to act as an aid to all anti-fraud-practitioners when considering fraud risk mitigation initiatives… …frequency of occurrence. And, to say it clearly, a positive answer to any of the following red flags does not necessarily imply that fraud has occurred… …. Rather, a positive answer indicates that a heightened risk of fraud may exist and further evaluation may be prudent. The schedule was compiled from… …Significant declines in customer demand and increasing business failures in either the industry or overall economy Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned… …, projected, or forecasted results – Overly unstable organizational structure (e.g., high turnover of senior management or board members) Fraud Case…

  Alle Treffer im Inhalt anzeigen
• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Types of Fraud

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …257 Chapter 3: Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 3.1 Types of Fraud 3.1.1 A Classification System for Fraudulent Acts: The Fraud Tree… …Joseph T. Wells, chairman and founder of the “Association of Certified Fraud Ex- aminers” (ACFE), has developed a classification system – known informally… …as the fraud tree – that accounts for all of the most common types of fraud. The fraud tree encompasses a wide range of misconduct by executives… …2007, p. 46; ACFE 2008, p. 7). Occupational Fraud Fraudulent Statements (Accounting Fraud) Asset Misappropriation Corruption Fictitious Revenues… …Economic Extortion Exhibit 3: The Fraud Tree Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 258 According to Wells, the types of occupational fraud can… …generally be broken down into three broad categories: asset misappropriation, corruption, and fraudulent statements (accounting fraud). Within each of these… …three major categories, there are several sub-categories of fraud scheme types. It should be noted, however, that a number of cases described in… …this book involve aspects of more than one of the three basic categories. For example, several cases involve both accounting fraud and asset… …misappropriation, or both accounting fraud and corruption. In these cases where there are multiple schemes, it is impossible to subdivide the losses in order to… …the property, but has “misappropriated” it. Asset misappropriation is the most common of the three primary categories of occupational fraud…

  Alle Treffer im Inhalt anzeigen
• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  A Practice Aid for Auditors: Fraud Interviews – An Inquiry Guide

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Appendix: Practice Aids 297 Appendix II A Practice Aid for Auditors: Fraud Interviews – An Inquiry Guide Of… …course, some cases of accounting fraud described in this book were so complex and well-concealed that no auditor would have been able to uncover them… …. These cases were well beyond the scope of a traditional audit. Nevertheless, auditors have to be more aggressive in order to detect fraud. They have to… …team have to be motivated to think about how and where fraud might occur. They have to conduct the audit with a mindset that recognizes the possibility… …that fraud could be present, regardless of any past experience with the audit client and regardless of the belief about manage- ment’s honesty and… …integrity. Eventually, they must not be reluctant to conduct so-called fraud interviews and ask sensitive questions. This inquiry guide is a… …practice aid designed to help the audit team to plan and tailor these fraud interviews as required by the international auditing standards. It in- cludes… …– As you are probably aware, CPAs today are required to assess the risk of fraud in the audit of every company, not just yours. Therefore, we need to… …begin. – When we talk about fraud in business, we are talking about a whole range of fraudulent activities. However, we are not talking about taking a… …pen or making a few photocopies for private use. Do you believe fraud is a problem for business and society in general? – We know that fraud…

  Alle Treffer im Inhalt anzeigen