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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Fraud Theories

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Fraud Case Analysis: Lessons Learned 276 3.3 Fraud Theories 3.3.1 The Fraud Triangle Although it is common knowledge today that people… …may commit fraud, it is often not understood why they do it. Donald R. Cressey, one of the pioneers in fraud re- search, came to the conclusion that… …less rationalization it takes to motivate someone to commit a fraud. Likewise, the more dishonest a person is, the less opportunity or the less… …pressure it takes to motivate fraud. Fraud-fighters focus their preventive efforts primarily on only one of the three elements of the fraud triangle… …simply in the outcome. Scientists call this motivation the “ego challenge”: it relates to the sense of superiority over others and to the gratification… …obtained from the mastery of an exciting situation. It also reflects the pride of a professional “con artist”. Attitudes are the values and ethical… …honest all the time. Another 20% are basically dishonest, and about 60% are “situationally honest” (that is, honest where it pays to be honest and… …dishonest where it pays to be dishonest). However, most of the organizations are convinced that their executives are among the 20% who are honest. Unfortu-… …nately, quite frequently, this is not the case. Rationalization is how the fraudster justifies his inappropriate actions. In other words, it is the… …soon as we get over this financial difficulty.” – “Business is business. Everybody else does it.” Of course, there are countless other…

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• eJournal-Artikel aus "PinG Privacy in Germany" Ausgabe 4/2016

  Belgian Privacy Commission Obtains Injunction Against Facebook’s Use of Cookie for Non-Registered Users

  Thibaut D’hulst, Melody Moodley

  …the information which it receives and how it uses social plug-ins and cookies. It also sets out the rights of Facebook users. Following the updated… …social plug-ins and cookies. 2 It was exceptional for the Privacy Commission to issue a recommendation targeting a named company. However, the Privacy… …Commission explained that it received many questions regarding Facebook’s terms of use from Facebook users, the media, the Belgian Federal Parliament, as well… …as the Secretary of State for Privacy. As a result it felt compelled to issue recommendations, not only to Facebook, but also to websites 1 The company… …. Still, the recommendation was exceptional for a number of reasons. In particular, it is remarkable that the Belgian Privacy Commission takes a leading… …President also considered that it is not required that the personal data is processed by the Belgian establishment for Belgian data protection laws to apply… …. It is sufficient that the personal data is processed ‘in the context of’ the activities of the Belgian establishment. In that case, Belgian law applies… …. It thus violated the DPL and the Law on Electronic Communications. Facebook was therefore ordered (i) to stop placing “datr” cookies on devices of… …. Given the growing relevance of the data protection regulatory framework, it is not unlikely that such court proceedings will increase in the future, both…

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• eJournal-Artikel aus "PinG Privacy in Germany" Ausgabe 5/2014

  Aus Sicht der Stiftung Datenschutz – Privacy in the age of Big Data

  Frederick Richter

  …predicted that the worldwide amount of data would be 44 times larger in 2020 than it was in 2007. The report also forecasted that in 2012 and 2013 more… …digitized data were created than during the entire previous history of mankind. Whether this will prove true or not, it does give us an idea about the sheer… …Internet. Moreover, surveillance may have a ‘chilling effect’ on free speech, as it leads to individuals suspecting that a trace of everything said is kept… …identification to the point of temptations to discriminate against people. When it comes to law enforcement, Big Data applications open up entirely new methods of… …explains how it works: “If we see a large number of foreign phone cards and at the same time a large number of equally foreign transport vehicles, in an area… …as the predictions relate to the criminal act itself, as it allows law enforcement agencies to allocate resources more efficiently. When it comes to… …Big Data, however, the psychics will be replaced by algorithms. Big Data Kills Anonymity At least it has the potential. In the age of little data, it… …device has a specific energy loading pattern, it even can reveal involuntarily which application is used at any given time. If someone has access to this… …phone number, it will be very easy to guess how you spent last night, and with whom, what you had for dinner and which movie you watched. And if you had… …popcorn. Currently, it seems too early to assess or even fully understand possible threats Big Data poses to privacy. At the moment, most of them still seem…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Global Management Challenges for Internal Auditors

  Company Culture is Worth the Cost

  Sergey Martynov

  …if it is not included in financial reports, and helps to generate value for a company: it should therefore be audited, just like all other company… …than those caused by unfair competition or mass- media hostility. First of all, it is important to understand that company culture is a distinctive… …guaranteeing success and in the effi- ciency of a business, for various reasons. Firstly, it results in increased employee loyalty towards the company. A… …salary increase. 2 Development of Company Culture While in some organisations company culture is created and grows spontaneously, in others it is… …beliefs, come from various different entities. In these situations it is extremely im- portant for the management to make an effort to rapidly develop a new… …can be positive, but the process of establishing a com- pany culture by example may take a long time. It is extremely important, however, for the… …in order for this to happen it must know how to satisfy the individual needs of its employees. The management must also know how to value its workers… …employees, who will cer- tainly not share or defend its values as a result. It is also extremely important to en- sure that there is a relationship between… …, and it is es- sential that each member of the team feels that he is sharing in the recognition for his work. The development of company culture is… …it: it is therefore a factor that should be taken into consideration by the internal audit, just like all other signifi- cant company processes…

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• eJournal-Artikel aus "PinG Privacy in Germany" Ausgabe 3/2018

  Blockchain technology is on a collision course with EU privacy law

  David Meyer

  …“blockchain” technology generally know it as the underpinning of the Bitcoin virtual currency, but there are myriad organizations planning different kinds of… …applications for it: ­executing contracts, 1 modernizing land registries, 2 even providing new systems for identity management. 3 There’s one huge problem on the… …the processing, but it introduces a mandatory obligation for data controllers to apply the principle of ‘data protection by design’,” said Jan Philipp… …rights can be easily exercised, including the right to deletion of data when it is no longer needed.” „ This is where blockchain applications will run into… …control (such as the Bitcoin or Ethereum networks). It is technically possible to rewrite the data held on a blockchain, but only if most nodes on the… …proper review.” “From a practitioner’s perspective, it sounds to me that it was drafted by trying to implement a certain perspective of how the world… …general has to adapt to the GDPR, it just means that it probably cannot be used for the processing of personal data. This decision is the responsibility of… …every organization that processes personal data.” Although the clash between the GDPR and blockchain technology has received little attention so far, it… …blockchainbased database system – it was to be a sort of hybrid private-public blockchain, where the nodes in the network were preselected, but anyone could send… …transactions to the network or read the data stored on it. ­According to IPDB Foundation co-founder Greg McMullen, the Berlin-headquartered team was well aware…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 6: Bausch & Lomb (1994)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …with a strong position in the optical products and eye-care sector. It was a leading manu- facturer of contact lenses and sunglasses, and it had charmed… …contact lenses, which were marketed to be worn for short intervals of several days. Bausch & Lomb had entered the disposable lens market late because it… …had not wanted to cannibalize existing product lines, and it wished to continue to maximize its traditional SVS sales. Unfortunately, during 1993, it… …optical practitioners. In September 1993, the CLD concluded a particularly aggressive promotion campaign whereby it sold its distributors a large amount… …estimates indicated that it might take some dis- tributors up to two years to sell the SVS lenses that CLD management was expect- Accounting Fraud in U.S… …US- GAAP, with respect to revenue recognition. Under GAAP, revenue should not be recognized in company statements until it is realized and earned… …date. The accounting scandal led to the departure of several CLD executives, and it severely tested inves- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 53… …After the scheme was discovered, company management replaced all Hong Kong personnel that it held responsible for the fraud. There was no evidence that…

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• eJournal-Artikel aus "PinG Privacy in Germany" Ausgabe 1/2026

  What regulators need for the first big evaluation of the DSA

  Johannes Heidelberger

  …. A first review is due in 2027. It should be driven by facts and the early results of investigations, not misconstrued criticism, argues Johannes… …Heidelberger. I. An online safety law in the crosshairs of international politics When they started working on it a good five years ago, most lawmakers behind… …the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) likely did not expect it to ever turn into the bone of contention in high-level political discussions. Yet, in 2025… …understand where these diametrically opposed points of view come from, it is important to appreciate the background of the DSA’s development and its current… …freedom of expression (including potential chilling effects on it) with other fundamental rights. These other rights had been protected by the 28 | PinG… …Behörden. legal order in the offline world for a long time; be it by intellectual property rights that limit freedom of expression, or by criminal… …initiatives by the platforms but it was also informed by years of research and advocacy from academia and civil society, as a counterweight to corporate… …. “Content” is understood quite broadly in the DSA. It is not merely videos and posts on social media but also encompasses products and services on online… …marketplaces. Moreover, it is important to note that the DSA does not define what is illegal content. Rather, national and other Union laws lay down under which… …of all kinds are now directly account- able to their users to a higher degree. This marks a major shift: it reflects a growing recognition that users’…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Prüfungsleitfaden BAIT

  Management der Beziehungen mit Zahlungsdienstnutzern

  Axel Becker

  …Zahlungsdienstnutzern“. Es stammt aus dem neuen Rundschreiben „Zah- lungsdiensteaufsichtliche Anforderungen an die IT von Zahlungs- und E- Geld-Instituten“ (ZAIT). Seine…
• eJournal-Artikel aus "PinG Privacy in Germany" Ausgabe 2/2014

  Contrasting Approaches to Data Protection in Ireland and Germany

  Philip Nolan, Oisin Tobin

  …in Ireland and Germany and highlights a number of differences between the regimes. First, it considers the requirements in relation to consent to data… …Irish rules on unsolicited direct marketing by email. Irish law does not adopt the “double opt-in” requirement, which sets it apart from its German… …permissible if the data subject has expressly consented to it in advance or if it is expressly permitted by the Federal Data Protection Act (the… …data processing in question is subject to the German Telemedia Act (the TMG). If consent is given alongside another declaration it must be… …German law it is regarded as one of a number of ways in which data processing may be legitimised. In contrast to German law, the DPA does not specify the… …form in which consent must be given. It need not be in writing, though, from an evidential perspective, it must be possible to prove that consent was… …For flexibility reasons, “written” consent has been kept out of the final text. It should be stressed that the Directive includes “any” indication of a… …12 or where it is necessary to protect legitimate interests of a data controller. 13 Like German law, Irish law distinguishes sensitive personal data… …from personal data and imposes special requirements in relation to it. 14 For this category of data, the DPA requires that explicit consent be provided… …Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC. It is an independent European advisory body on data protection and privacy. Its tasks are set out in Article 30 of…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch 50 Jahre ZIR: Meilensteine der Internen Revision

  Ein Blick zurück in die Zukunft der IT-Revision

  Warum die IT-Revision schon immer wichtig war und heute unverzichtbar ist
  

  Prof. Dr. Matthias Knoll, Markus Bank

  …bestehende Produkte und Dienstleistungen um zusätzliche Funktionalitäten ergänzt. Die IT war dazu ein willkommenes Werkzeug. Zu Beginn 2… …, Apple, Facebook oder Google, basiert ausschließlich auf IT. Auch Telekommunikations- oder Finanzdienst- leistungsunternehmen sind in hohem Maß auf eine… …störungs- und unterbrechungsfreie IT ange- 1 Ein Trend, der bereits im ersten ZIR-Beitrag zum Thema klar herausgestellt wurde, vgl. Köhler/ Osterloh (1966)… …, S. 81 Ein Blick zurück in die Zukunft der IT-Revision Warum die IT-Revision schon immer wichtig war und heute unverzichtbar ist Die IT… …durchdringt immer mehr Lebensbereiche, Geschäftsprozesse und Produkte. Viele Unternehmen sind hochgradig von ihr abhängig und existieren nur, weil sie auf IT… …Lines of Defense“- Modells eine gleichermaßen professionelle IT-Revision. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich ausgehend von den Anfängen der IT und… …dieser Zeit- schrift mit dem immer bedeutenderen Einsatz von IT und der Reaktion der Revision darauf. Anhand der veröffentlichten Beiträge und weiterer… …„Batch-Jobs“ verwaltet und verarbeitet. Sie besa- ßen eine überaus große Bedeutung, auch wenn durch die asynchrone Abarbeitung von „Aufträ- gen“ in der IT… …Client-Server-Systeme haben auch dem Mittelstand den Einsatz von IT, etwa in Form eines ERP- Systems, ermöglicht. 4 50 Jahre Moore‘s Law – Ein Grundsatz, der die… …IT-Branche seit 50 Jahren antreibt, in: www.zeit.de/digital/2015 – 04/ moorsches-gesetz-computerchip-50-jahre Ein Ausfall der IT, mitunter sogar nur ein…

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