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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 199 Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003) By the late 1990s, Royal Ahold N.V. ranked among… …have operated continuously (and honourably) for 100 years. However, shortly after the turn of the century, a case of Enron-style accounting fraud… …Amsterdam. “So many things have happened in the United States, but this is the first really large-scale fraud case we’ve seen on this side of the ocean.”… …, Ahold’s management team raised huge amounts of debt and equity capital over the years. With regard to the foreign operating units, Ahold’s top… …exactly where the company ran afoul. Senior management pres- sured lower-level managers throughout Ahold’s worldwide network to reach the sales and… …goals ultimately became unreachable. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 200 In 2002, Ahold faced trouble in Latin America: operating… …Michiel Meurs, each of whom had been implicated in the accounting fraud. Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s slashed Ahold’s credit rating, and the… …retailer announced that the fraud was much more extensive than previously thought. Ahold said that the American subsidiary’s earnings had been overstated… …figures shocked Ahold’s new management as much as it did analysts and investors. The company immediately authorized an investigation by law firm White &… …certain foreign joint ventures through fraudulent side letters. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 201 The earnings fraud at U.S…

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  Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …prevent the fraud was a consequence of “serious deficiencies” in its internal controls. As a result of inspect- ing Chuo Aoyama, the firm-wide management… …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 236 Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005) By the late 1990s, Kanebo Ltd. ranked among Japan’s largest public… …crisis” in the United States. Japan’s business press quickly referred to the Kanebo fraud as “Japan’s Enron”. In March 2006, Takashi Hoashi pleaded… …learned of this scheme from reading the published reports of the Enron fraud.) When the executives were no longer able to sustain the scam in 2005, they… …announced that an internal inquiry had found “instances of accounting fraud” in the past. Finally, they admitted overstating oper- ating results by… …charged in connection with the Kanebo fraud admitted helping the company to hide losses. They had pointed out irregularities, but no Accounting… …Fraud in Asian Companies 237 demand had been made to have Kanebo’s statements corrected, resulting in an audit approval. According to the… …company’s poor financial health (the three defendants never admitted as much, though). During trial, the auditors testified that shortly before the fraud… …. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 238 As well as causing an exodus of audit clients, the punishment of Chuo Aoyama also helped to fuel extreme… …that it was also Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 239 “unprecedentedly cleverly devised”. Despite these remarks, he handed suspended…

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  Case 44: Satyam Computer Services (India, 2009)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 250 Case 44: Satyam Computer Services (India, 2009) Before he fell from grace, Ramalinga Raju was hailed… …based). But in January 2009, Raju had to ad- mit to the largest corporate fraud in Indian history. In a letter to Satyam’s board of directors, he… …scan- dal was quickly labelled as “India’s Enron”. “This is the saddest say for investors,” said one market analyst. “The fraud has badly shaken their… …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 251 stand by the company in the hour of crisis. “I am now prepared to subject myself to the laws of the land and… …face consequences thereof.” News of the fraud sent jitters through the Indian stock market. Shares in Satyam fell more than 70%, and the “Sensex”… …capital of Bombay expressed bafflement at how the fraud was not exposed earlier. Whereas Enron and other accounting frauds relied on dizzying arrays of… …off-balance-sheet partnerships and complicated circular trades with willing outside institutions to deceive investors, the Satyam fraud seemed to be absurdly simple… …earnings. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 252 However, there is usually little documentation associated with the number, so it is easy to… …was always only a fraction of what the company had es- timated before. Such data hinted that Satyam’s management might have been manipulating the… …letter to say that Sat- yam’s directors and senior executives had no knowledge of the fraud. But if there is a final lesson to be learned of accounting…

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  Beeinflussung der Corporate Governance im Unternehmen durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …377 5 Beeinflussung der Corporate Governance im Unternehmen durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 5.1 Vorbemerkungen Bei einer Beurteilung… …der Gefahr durch Accounting Fraud im Unternehmen sind bei den hier zu betrachtenden Corporate Governance-Elementen Unter- nehmensleitung und… …zur Vermeidung oder zur Aufdeckung und dem anschließenden Umgang mit Ac- counting Fraud leisten kann. Hierfür unterscheiden die nachfolgenden Ausfüh-… …Präventive Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Accounting Fraud 5.2.1 Möglichkeiten aus Sicht der Unternehmensleitung Dem Vorstand obliegt im Rahmen seiner… …. hierzu die Ausführungen unter Gliederungspunkt 6, S. 397 ff. Beeinflussung der Corporate Governance durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 378… …. Das Management darf zwar die Ver- antwortung dieser Aufgabe nicht delegieren. Es kann und sollte allerdings kompetente Hilfe zur Erarbeitung einer für… …Bestandteil guter Corporate Governance2055. Die Verantwortung für einen Ver- haltenskodex liegt ebenfalls beim Management. Seiner Bedeutung innerhalb des… …. 2055 Ein wirksames Ethikmanagement leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Schutz eines Un- ternehmens vor Accounting Fraud; vgl. Brinkmann, Markus… …(Unternehmensreputation 2003), S. 453. Beeinflussung der Corporate Governance durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 379 mit einem kompetenten Team geht es für… …Whistleblo- wing-System, gemeldet werden können. Der Verhaltenskodex darf nicht dazu führen, dass die Mitarbeiter sich durch das Management bevormundet…

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  Case 20: AOL Time Warner (2002)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 133 Case 20: AOL Time Warner (2002) AOL Time Warner Inc. was formed by the merger of AOL and Time Warner… …started to flatten. It was during this period that AOL engaged in accounting fraud to mask the fact that it was also beginning to experience a rapid… …transactions”, in which AOL and its counterparties falsely created and reported revenue Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 134 In September 2000, for… …parties it referred to PurchasePro entered into commercial arrangements with this company. AOL essentially paid third parties to Accounting Fraud in… …management of AOL Europe; for example, it caused its own designated directors and steering committee members to act in accordance with AOL’s directions. How-… …flow as well as under- statements of total debt). Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 136 The accounting irregularities at AOL occurred before… …consequence of the fraud), the merged company dropped “AOL” from its corporate name. The move was widely seen as an admission that the 2001 merger had failed… …. In December 2004, Time Warner agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Justice USD 210 million, in order to settle criminal fraud charges related to AOL… …. How- ever, it did not admit any fault. In March 2005, Time Warner announced a separate USD 300 million settlement of civil fraud charges filed by the… …to US-GAAP. In August 2005, Time Warner reached a USD 2.5 billion settlement to securities fraud litigation. The money was paid to shareholders…

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  Case 4: MiniScribe (1989)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 42 Case 4: MiniScribe (1989) The downfall of MiniScribe Corp., resulting from a major accounting fraud… …more pervasive” than he had realized. Along with him, the entire management team also left. In March 1989, under pressure from investors who had… …started to smell trouble, the new management initiated an in-house investigation into the reliability of MiniScribe’s financial reports for 1986… …inventory and sales figures (see WSJ September 11, 1989): Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 43 – Although many companies accelerate shipments… …auditors had test-counted. Thus, they were able to inflate the number of items that the auditors had not sampled. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies… …. MiniScribe’s auditor, Coopers & Lybrand (now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers), was also sued by investors for its part in the fraud. The suits charged that the… …1992 settlement, it agreed to pay a total of USD 140 million for failing to detect the accounting fraud committed by MiniScribe. In July 1994, the… …obsession. This obsession, along with Wiles’s aggressive and intimidating management style, led to a “pressure cooker environment”. “Basically,” one former… …amazing to see how close they could get to the num- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 45 ber they wanted to hit.” A former MiniScribe manager… …the late 1980s. References: Albrecht, W. Steve / Albrecht, Chad: Fraud Examination & Prevention…

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  Case 25: Bernard Madoff (2008)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …its risk management processes. Be- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 164 sides, the fraud continues to reverberate on Wall Street. A number of… …References: Clauss, Pierre / Roncalli, Thierry / Weisang, Guillaume: Risk Management Lessons from Madoff Fraud, www.papers.ssrn.com, April 2009… …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 159 Case 25: Bernard Madoff (2008) In December 2008, as the global financial crisis continued on its… …stunning fraud that appears to be of epic proportions”, and the Economist called it “the con of the century”. Needless to say, the unprecedented scope of… …the fraud was far beyond the reach of all of the other recent scandals of the financial system. Bernard Madoff started his financial career at… …appeared to believe in loyalty and Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 160 honesty,” said one former Madoff employee in retrospect. “Never in your… …profits generated by share trading. Eventually, Madoff admitted in this conversation that he estimated the losses from the fraud were at least USD 50… …, and charged with securities fraud. When federal agents arrived at Madoffs’ apartment, he told them: “There is no innocent explanation. I have paid… …simplicity, one of the most puzzling issues of the Madoff fraud was that the majority of the victims had an expert knowledge of financial investment: they… …Wall Street, there had been scepticism for years over how Madoff managed to pay such consistently high Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 161…

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  Beeinflussung der externen Jahresabschlussprüfung und der Internen Revision durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …. 210; Schruff, Wienand (Top- Management Fraud 2003), S. 908; Bologna, G. Jack/Lindquist, Robert J. (Forensic Ac- counting 1987), S. 83 ff.; Kelly… …Misstrauensauftrag; vgl. Schruff, Wienand (Top- Management Fraud 2003), S. 903. Beeinflussung der Prüfung durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 343 Angaben… …. Damit wird das Management noch stärker in die Verant- wortung zur Vermeidung oder Aufdeckung von Accounting Fraud genommen. Es erscheint es hilfreich… …337 4 Beeinflussung der externen Jahresabschlussprüfung und der Internen Revision durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 4.1 Vorbemerkungen… …: Accounting Fraud wird sich in der Unternehmenswelt nie gänzlich ausschließen lassen, daran besteht kein Zwei- fel. Dies liegt in der Natur des Menschen… …Aufdeckung von Accounting Fraud-Fällen einen Beitrag leisten kön- nen. Wenn fortan von der Vermeidung von Accounting Fraud gesprochen ___________________… …1939 Peemöller, Volker H. (Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2006), S. 128. Beeinflussung der Prüfung durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 338 wird, so… …se Erkenntnisse zeigen, wie verantwortungsbewusst das Management diese seine Führungsaufgabe wahrnimmt, und erlauben es dem Prüfer, daraus Rück-… …schlüsse auf die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud zu ziehen. Scheint das Interesse des Managements an einem ordnungsmäßigen Risikomanagementsystem eher gering… …, S. 309 ff. Beeinflussung der Prüfung durch die Gefahr von Accounting Fraud 339 stellen für Manipulationszwecke bewusst nicht beseitigt oder…

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  Case 15: Xerox (2002)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 106 Case 15: Xerox (2002) For most of the second half of the 20th century, the Xerox Corporation was a… …management. In May 2000, Xerox made a public announcement that it had discovered accounting irregularities associated with its Mexican operations. CEO… …the problems became public, the Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 107 SEC launched an investigation into what happened at the Mexican… …audi- tors refused to sign off on the company’s annual report until they had rechecked the numbers. They said they had not uncovered any signs of fraud… …director Stephen Cutler said in a statement. “In a pattern of pervasive fraud, investors were misled and betrayed over the course of four years.” The alle-… …lessees. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 108 Under US-GAAP, Xerox was required to book revenue from the box at the be- ginning of the lease… …recogni- tion”. But when the engagement partner challenged Xerox’s non-GAAP accounting practices, the company’s senior management told the audit firm that… …, and, according to KPMG, the potential tax exposure arising out of the transaction was Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 109 “remote to low”… …values of the machines by as much as 50%. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 110 Xerox grew progressively dependent on these accounting… …itself as a business increasing its earnings every quarter and meeting its competitive challenges. Senior management repeat- edly told investors that…

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  Case 38: Daewoo Group (South Korea, 1999)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …226 2.3 Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies Case 38: Daewoo Group (South Korea, 1999) At the end of 1999, the Daewoo Group, one of… …the largest conglomerates in the world, collapsed in a spectacular fashion. The accounting fraud that was uncovered was described as one of the… …he once said. However, Kim’s global expansion far outstripped the group’s financial and management capabilities. But he ignored warnings that he was… …. The lending Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 227 banks maintained rather lax standards, focusing on revenues and sales volume, instead… …“rags-to-riches” founder of Daewoo Group ended in a big corporate fraud scandal. Although the government prosecutor’s office released only scant details, it… …accounting fraud in a variety of ways. However, a substan- tial degree of the fraud occurred through asset swaps among Daewoo subsidiaries. One subsidiary… …illegitimately propped up Daewoo’s failing companies. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 228 Cover-ups of failed ventures When, e.g., Daewoo… …Motor attempted to cover up its failed USD 200 million investment in a car plant in Ukraine, the fraud bordered on the farcical. Daewoo Motor (the… …accounting fraud. Daewoo companies with questionable credit status would issue new stock that the overseas institutions would acquire, technically as equity… …for personal enrichment by Kim and senior Daewoo managers. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 229 Daewoo was not an isolated incident; a…

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